Modular Arithmetic and Congruence: Core Concepts and Algorithms
Modular Arithmetic Definition: For integers (a) and (b), the expression (a % b) (or (a \mod b)) denotes the remainder when (a) is divided by (b). Operations: Addition: ((a + b) % p). Subtraction: ((a - b + p) % p). Adding (p) prevents negative results. Multiplication: ((a \times b) % p). Division: C...