Constants and Macros Define a constant representing seconds in a year: #define SECONDS_IN_YEAR (365UL * 24 * 60 * 60) Standard minimum value macro: #define MIN_VALUE(x,y) (((x) < (y)) ? (x) : (y)) Preprocessor Directives The #error directive halts compilation and displays custom error messages. I...
SPI Protocol Fundamentals The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous, full-duplex communication protocol widely used for high-speed data exchange between a microcontroller (Master) and various peripherals (Slaves). Unlike I2C, SPI does not use device addresses in the data stream; instead...
Time-Sliced Task Scheduling Time-sliced scheduling involves structuring each task with its execution interval, counter, and function pointer. A timer generates interrupts at fixed intervals (e.g., every 1 second). When an interrupt occurs, each task's counter increments. When a task's counter matche...
Overview The 8051 microcontroller series represents a foundational architecture in embedded systems, featuring an 8-bit CPU, 128 bytes of internal RAM, and up to 64KB of program memory. It operates using a Harvard architecture that separates instruction and data buses. Core Components CPU: Central p...
1. Prerequisites Hardware STM32L4-series development board (STM32L431RCT6) WIZnet W5500 Ethernet module (SPI interface) Ethernet cable and router/switch Software Keil MDK-ARM with STM32L4 device packs Serial terminal (e.g., Serial Port Utility, PuTTY) TCP/UDP socket testing tool (e.g., sockettool, n...