Document Components and Chinese Typesetting

• \documentclass loads the document class
  • Options for English documents
    • article: Short documents without chapters
    • report: Single-sided documents containing chapters
    • book: Double-sided documents containnig chapters
    • beamer: Presentation slides
  • Options for Chinese documents
    • ctexart
    • ctexrep
    • ctexbook
    • ctexbeamer
• \usepackage imports packages to add or modify LaTeX functionality
  • \usepackage{CJKutf8} enables Chinese character support
• \begin{document} and \end{document} define the content body
  • Simplified Chinese: \begin{CJK*}{UTF8}{gbsn} and \end{CJK*}
  • Traditional Chinese: \begin{CJK*}{UTF8}{bsmi} and \end{CJK*}

Use \\ to start a new line without creating a new paragraph.

To fully support Chinese input, follow these steps:

1. Add \usepackage[UTF8]{ctex} to the preamble.
2. Switch the compiler to XeLaTeX.

Font Styles

Example: \textbf{Together for a Shared Future}

LaTeX typically avoids explicit styling commands, favoring logical markup. For instance, \emph is used to emphasize text semantically.

Font Sizes

Example: {\bfseries\Large Together for a Shared Future\par}

Note: Always use \par to explicitly end the scope before changing the size back; otherwise, the line spacing of subsequent lines may render incorrectly.

Lists

Unordered List

\documentclass{ctexart}
\begin{document}
\begin{itemize}
\item First item
\item Second item
\item Third item
\end{itemize}
\end{document}

Ordered List

\documentclass{ctexart}
\begin{document}
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
\item Second item
\item Third item
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}

Description List

\documentclass{ctexart}
\begin{document}
\begin{description}
\item[First] Description text
\item[Second] Description text
\item[Third] Description text
\end{description}
\end{document}

Sectioning Structure

Document Organization

include vs input

Both commands insert external TEX files using relative paths.

• \include: Starts on a new page and performs internal adjustments; best used for top-level structures like chapters.
• Files inserted via \include can be managed using \includeonly to select which parts to compile.

\documentclass{ctexrep}
\includeonly{intro,conclusion}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\include{intro}
\include{conclusion}
\end{document}

• \input: Inserts the source code exactly as-is.
• Sub-files loaded with \input do not require their own document environment.

Underlines and Wavy Lines

Requires package: \usepackage{ulem}

Spacing

• Standard spaces
  • Consecutive spaces in the source are collapsed into one.
  • A line break at the end of a line is treated as a space.
• Fixed-width spaces
  • \quad: 1em (width of "M")
  • \qquad: 2em
  • \enspace: 0.5em
  • \, or \thinspace: ~3/18 em
  • \medspace: ~4/18 em
  • \thickspace: ~5/18 em
• Non-breaking and stretchable spaces
  • \ (backslash + space): Standard space after commands.
  • ~: Non-breaking space (e.g., Fig.~3).
  • \hspace{length}: Custom horizontal space (e.g., \hspace{2cm}).
  • \hspace*{length}: Resistant to line breaks.
  • \hfill: Expands to fill available horizontal space.
• Math mode spaces
  • \,, \:, \;: Increasing width.
  • \!: Negative space.
• Paragraph and line spacing
  • Empty line in source: Starts a new paragraph.
  • \setlength{\parskip}{1em}: Sets paragraph gap.
  • \setlength{\baselineskip}{1.5em}: Sets line height.
  • Using setspace package: \onehalfspacing, \doublespacing, \singlespacing.
• Vertical spaces
  • \vspace{length}: Custom vertical space.
  • \vspace*{length}: Resistant to page breaks.
  • \vfill: Expands to fill available vertical space.
• Phantom spaces
  • \hphantom{content}: Horizontal space equal to content width.
  • \vphantom{content}: Vertical space equal to content height.
  • \phantom{content}: Both width and height.