Compilation Process in Linux C

C Compilers

• GNU GCC
• Microsoft Visual C++ (MSVC)
• Apple Clang
• Intel C++ Compiler
• Default Linux compiler: cc

Programming Language Classification

Compiled Languages (C, C++, Java)

• Convert source code to machine instructions
• Perform type safety checks
• High performance
• Less flexible

Interpreted Languages (Python, JavaScript, Java)

• Execute source code directly in interpreter
• High flexibility and expressiveness
• Easier to learn
• Lower performance

Compilation Steps

C source files:

• .h header files: Contain declarations
• .c source files: Contain implementations

Example compilation command:

gcc hello.c -o hello

Breeakdown of compilation process:

1. Preprocessing & Assembly

   gcc -S hello.c -o hello.s
   

2. Compilation to Object File

   gcc -c hello.s -o hello.o
   

3. Linking

   gcc hello.o ... -o hello
   

C Language Basics

Variables and Types

// Variable declaration
int count;
double price;

// Constants
const int MAX_VALUE = 100;

Type System

• Integer types: short, int, long, long long
• Floating-point: float, double
• Character: char
• Boolean: bool

Operators

• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
• Bitwise: &, |, ^, <<, >>, ~
• Logical: &&, ||, !
• Relational: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

Control Structures

Conditional Statements

if (condition) {
    // code block
} else if (condition) {
    // code block
} else {
    // code block
}

switch (variable) {
    case value1:
        // code
        break;
    default:
        // code
}

Loops

// For loop
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    // code
}

// While loop
while (condition) {
    // code
}

// Do-while loop
do {
    // code
} while (condition);

Functions

// Function declaration
int add(int a, int b) {
    return a + b;
}

Pointers

int num = 10;
int *ptr = #
printf("Value: %d", *ptr);

Strings

char str[] = "Hello";
char *ptr = "World";

Structures

struct Point {
    int x;
    int y;
};

struct Point p1 = {10, 20};

Memory Management

// Dynamic allocation
int *arr = malloc(10 * sizeof(int));

// Release memory
free(arr);